Past Perfect — Geçmişin Geçmişi (-mıştı)
Past Perfect; geçmişteki bir olaydan daha önce olmuş başka bir olayı anlatır. Türkçedeki '-mıştı' (gitmişti, bitirmiştim) ekinin karşılığıdır. Hikâye anlatırken olayların sırasını netleştirmek için kullanılır.
Ne zaman kullanılır?
Geçmişteki bir olaydan önce olan olay
When we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Bir durumun nedenini açıklamak
She was nervous because she had never flown before.
'By the time' ile
By the time I arrived, everyone had left.
Reported speech (Present Perfect / Past Simple'ın geri kaydırılması)
He said he had seen the film twice.
Pişmanlık (wish / if only + Past Perfect)
I wish I had studied harder.
Yapı
| Tür | Formül | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu | Subject + had + V3 | I had finished my work before he called. |
| Olumsuz | Subject + hadn't + V3 | They hadn't eaten anything all day. |
| Soru | Had + subject + V3? | Had you met her before the party? |
İşaret kelimeleri: alreadybeforeafterby the timenever ... beforejustuntil then
Türklerin sık yaptığı hatalar
✗ When I arrived, the train already left.
✓ When I arrived, the train had already left.
Tren benim varışımdan önce gitmişti; daha önceki olay Past Perfect ile anlatılır.
✗ I had went there before.
✓ I had gone there before.
'Had' sonrası V3 kullanılır: gone, went değil.
✗ Yesterday I had visited my parents.
✓ Yesterday I visited my parents.
Tek bir geçmiş olay varsa Past Perfect gereksizdir; Türkçedeki '-mıştı'yı her yerde kullanmayın.
✗ She was tired because she has worked all day.
✓ She was tired because she had worked all day.
Geçmiş bir duruma (was tired) neden olan önceki eylem Past Perfect olmalıdır.
Konuşmada nasıl kullanılır?
- Konuşmada 'had' neredeyse her zaman kısaltılır: 'I'd', 'she'd', 'we'd'. 'I'd already eaten' gibi.
- Sıralama 'before/after' ile zaten belliyse günlük konuşmada Past Simple da kabul edilir: 'I ate before I left.' Her yerde Past Perfect kullanmak zorunda değilsiniz.
- Hikâyelerde arka plan bilgisi vermek için çok güçlüdür: 'I'd never seen anything like it.'
- Dikkat: 'I'd' hem 'I had' hem 'I would' olabilir; arkasından V3 geliyorsa 'had'dir.
Konuşma görevi
Birbirinize 'kötü bir gün' hikâyesi anlatın: hikâyede en az üç kez Past Perfect kullanın (I had forgotten..., the bus had already left...). Dinleyen 'Why?' veya 'Had you...?' ile sorular sorsun. Sorular: 'Had you ever travelled abroad before you were 18?', 'What had you done before you met me that you're proud of?', 'Tell me about a time you arrived somewhere and something had already happened.', 'Had you heard of this website before we started using it?'
Kendinizi test edin
-
1. When we arrived at the party, Ali ___.
- A) already left
- B) has already left
- C) had already left
- D) was already leave
Cevabı göster
C) had already left — Biz varmadan önce gitmişti: had already left.
-
2. She ___ never seen snow before she moved to Erzurum.
- A) has
- B) had
- C) was
- D) did
Cevabı göster
B) had — Taşınmadan önceki deneyim: had never seen.
-
3. Which sentence is correct?
- A) By the time I got home, my wife had cooked dinner.
- B) By the time I got home, my wife has cooked dinner.
- C) By the time I got home, my wife had cook dinner.
- D) By the time I had got home, my wife cooks dinner.
Cevabı göster
A) By the time I got home, my wife had cooked dinner. — 'By the time' + Past Simple, önceki eylem Past Perfect + V3.
-
4. I couldn't get in because I ___ my keys.
- A) forget
- B) have forgotten
- C) had forgot
- D) had forgotten
Cevabı göster
D) had forgotten — Giremememden önce olan neden: had forgotten (V3).
-
5. In 'I'd already eaten', 'I'd' means:
- A) I would
- B) I had
- C) I did
- D) I could
Cevabı göster
B) I had — Arkasından V3 (eaten) geldiği için 'I had'dir.
-
6. He was hungry because he ___ breakfast.
- A) didn't have
- B) hadn't had
- C) hasn't had
- D) doesn't have
Cevabı göster
B) hadn't had — Geçmişteki açlığın nedeni daha önce olmuştur: hadn't had.