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Must, Have To, Should, Ought To, Had Better — Zorunluluk ve Tavsiye (-malı, -meli)

'Must' ve 'have to' zorunluluk bildirir (Türkçede '-malı, -mek zorunda'), 'should' ve 'ought to' tavsiye verir ('-malısın, -sen iyi olur'), 'had better' ise uyarı içeren güçlü tavsiyedir ('-sen iyi edersin'). En önemli fark olumsuzdadır: 'mustn't' yasak, 'don't have to' ise gereksizlik anlamına gelir.

Ne zaman kullanılır?

  • Must: konuşanın kendi hissettiği zorunluluk, kurallar

    I must call my mum tonight. / You must wear a seatbelt.

  • Have to: dışarıdan gelen zorunluluk

    I have to work on Saturday. My boss asked me.

  • Mustn't (yasak) vs don't have to (gerek yok)

    You mustn't smoke here. / You don't have to come if you're tired.

  • Should / ought to: tavsiye ve fikir

    You should see a doctor. / We ought to leave soon.

  • Had better: uyarı içeren güçlü tavsiye

    You'd better take an umbrella, or you'll get wet.

Yapı

TürFormülÖrnek
OlumluSubject + must/should/had better + V1 / have/has to + V1She has to wear a uniform.
OlumsuzSubject + mustn't/shouldn't/'d better not + V1 / don't have to + V1You shouldn't worry so much.
SoruDo/Does + subject + have to + V1? / Should + subject + V1?Do I have to bring anything? / Should I call him?

İşaret kelimeleri: necessaryrequiredit's a ruleadviceI think you shouldif I were youotherwiseor else

Türklerin sık yaptığı hatalar

✗ You mustn't come tomorrow, it's optional.

✓ You don't have to come tomorrow, it's optional.

'Mustn't' yasak bildirir; 'gerek yok' anlamı için 'don't have to' kullanılır.

✗ I must to go now.

✓ I must go now.

'Must' modaldır, sonrasında 'to' gelmez. ('Have to' ise 'to' içerir.)

✗ You had better to leave.

✓ You'd better leave.

'Had better' sonrası yalın fiil gelir.

✗ Yesterday I must work late.

✓ Yesterday I had to work late.

'Must'ın geçmiş hâli yoktur; geçmiş zorunluluk için 'had to' kullanılır.

Konuşmada nasıl kullanılır?

  • Günlük konuşmada zorunluluk için 'must' yerine çoğunlukla 'have to' ve 'have got to' ('I've got to go!') kullanılır.
  • 'You'd better...' kısaltması neredeyse her zaman kullanılır; 'had' bazen hiç duyulmaz: 'You better hurry!'
  • Tavsiyeyi yumuşatmak için: 'Maybe you should...', 'I think you should...', 'You might want to...'
  • 'Have to' /hæftə/ diye, 'has to' /hæstə/ diye okunur.

Konuşma görevi

Biriniz küçük bir sorun anlatsın (uyuyamıyorum, işte stresliyim, kilo vermek istiyorum), diğeri 'should', 'ought to' ve 'had better' ile tavsiye versin. Sonra evdeki kuralları konuşun: neyi yapmak zorundasınız, neyi yapmak zorunda değilsiniz? Sorular: 'What do you have to do every day that you don't enjoy?', 'What should I do to improve my English faster?', 'What's one thing we mustn't forget this month?', 'What don't you have to do at the weekend that you love not doing?'

Kendinizi test edin

  1. 1. You ___ pay for the museum. It's free on Sundays.

    • A) mustn't
    • B) don't have to
    • C) shouldn't
    • D) had better not
    Cevabı göster

    B) don't have to — Gerek yok anlamı: don't have to.

  2. 2. You ___ use your phone during the exam. It's forbidden.

    • A) don't have to
    • B) needn't
    • C) ought to
    • D) mustn't
    Cevabı göster

    D) mustn't — Yasak: mustn't.

  3. 3. Yesterday I ___ wait two hours at the doctor's.

    • A) had to
    • B) must
    • C) have to
    • D) should
    Cevabı göster

    A) had to — Geçmiş zorunluluk: had to.

  4. 4. Which sentence is correct?

    • A) You'd better to hurry.
    • B) You'd better hurrying.
    • C) You'd better hurry.
    • D) You'd better hurried.
    Cevabı göster

    C) You'd better hurry. — 'Had better' + yalın fiil.

  5. 5. You look exhausted. You ___ go to bed early tonight.

    • A) should
    • B) mustn't
    • C) don't have to
    • D) had
    Cevabı göster

    A) should — Tavsiye: should.

  6. 6. Which sounds most natural when leaving a party?

    • A) I must to go.
    • B) I've got to go.
    • C) I have go.
    • D) I should to go.
    Cevabı göster

    B) I've got to go. — 'I've got to go' günlük konuşmada çok doğal bir kalıptır.